靜力學

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1-1 Mechanics 力學

分類

Statics 靜力學

Dynamics 動力學

1-2 Fundamental Concepts 基本概念

Basic Quantities 基本量

Idealizations 理想化

Newton's Three Laws of Motion 牛頓三大運動定律

Newton's Law of Gravitational Attraction

F = Gm₁m₂ / r²
G = 6.673×10-13 (m³/kg•s²)
W = GmMe / r² , g = GMe / r² , W = mg

1-3 The International System of Units (SI制)

Basic Units 基本量

Prefix 前綴詞

Multiple

Submultiple

1-4 Numerical Calculation 數值計算

2-1 Scalars and Vectors

2-2 Vector Operation 向量運算

\[ \mathbf{R}=\mathbf{A}+\mathbf{B},\quad \mathbf{R'}=\mathbf{A}-\mathbf{B}=\mathbf{A}+(-\mathbf{B}) \]

2-3 Vector Addition of Forces

\[ \mathbf{F}_{R} = \mathbf{F}_{1} + \mathbf{F}_{2} \]

resautant force components of a force

2-4 Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

Scalar notation

\[ \mathbf{F}_{x} = F \, cos \, \theta\quad \mathbf{F}_{y}=F \, sin \, \theta \]

Cartesian vector notation

\[ \mathbf{F}=F_{x} \, \mathbf{i} + F_{y} \, \mathbf{j} \]

Coplanar force resultants

\[ \mathbf{F}_{1}=F_{1x} \, \mathbf{i} + F_{1y} \, \mathbf{j} \]\[ \mathbf{F}_{2}=-F_{2x} \, \mathbf{i} + F_{2y} \, \mathbf{j} \]\[ \mathbf{F}_{3}=F_{3x} \, \mathbf{i} - F_{3y} \, \mathbf{j} \]

coplanar force resultants

\( \begin{align*} \mathbf{F}_{R} &= \mathbf{F}_{1} + \mathbf{F}_{2} + \mathbf{F}_{3} \\ &= F_{1x} \, \mathbf{i} + F_{1y} \, \mathbf{j} -F_{2x} \, \mathbf{i} + F_{2y} \, \mathbf{j} + F_{3x} \, \mathbf{i} - F_{3y} \, \mathbf{j} \\ &= (F_{1x} - F_{2x} + F_{3x}) \, \mathbf{i} + (F_{1y} + F_{2y} - F_{3y})\,\mathbf{j} \\ &= (F_{Rx})\,\mathbf{i} + (F_{Ry})\,\mathbf{j} \end{align*} \)

(FRx) = ΣFx , (FRy) = ΣFy
FR = √(FRx)2 + (FRy)2

2-5 Cartesian Vector

Right-handed coordinate system

right-handed coordinate system

Rectangular components of a vector

A = Ax + Ay +Az

Cartesian vector representation

A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
cartesian vector representation cartesian vector representation(2)

Magnitude of a cartesian vector

A = √(Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2)

Coordinate direction angles:

cosα = Ax / A , cosβ = Ay / A , cosγ = Az / A
uA = (A / A) = (Ax / A)i + (Ay / A)j + (Az / A)k
= cosα i + cosβ j + cosγ k
cos²α + cos²β + cos²γ = 1
coordinate direction angles coordinate direction angles(2)

若已知 A 的大小與角度:

A = AuA = Acosαi + Acosβj + Acosγk

2-6 Addition of Cartesian Vectors

R = A + B = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k
FR = ΣF = ΣFxi + ΣFyj + ΣFzk
addition of cartesian vectors

2-7 Position Vectors

r = xi + yj + zk
position vector position vector(2)
rA + r = rb
r = (xB - xA)i + (yB - yA)j + (zB - zA)k
position vecto(3) position vector(4)

2-8 Force Vector Directed Along a Line

F = Fu = F(r / r)
= F [(xB - xA)i + (yB - yA)j + (zB - zA)k] /
[√(xB - xA)2 + (yB - yA)2 + (zB - zA)2]

2-9 Dot Product 點積 / 內積

AB = ABcosθ = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
dot product

夾角:

θ = cos⁻¹(A • B / AB)

AB = 0 → AB

射影:

\( A_{a} = A \cos\theta = \mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{u}_{a} \quad \text{向量形式:} \mathbf{A}_{a} = A_{a}\,\mathbf{u}_{a} \)

dot product(2)

3-1 Condition for the Equilibrium of a Particle

\[ \displaystyle \sum \mathbf{F} = 0 = m \mathbf{a}, a = 0 \]

--> 合力與加速度為0, 粒子呈靜止或等速運動

3-2 The Free-Body Diagram 自由體圖

Three types of supports often encountered in particle equilibrium problems

-> 彈簧受力與變形量成正比

F = ks
spring

->同一繩子張力T 大小相同,受力方向沿繩索方向
無摩擦力滑輪, 繩兩側張力大小相同

cables and pullesy

->無摩擦力, 只有垂直受力面的正向力N

smooth contact

3-3 Complaner Force Systems 二維力系統

3-4 Three-Dimensional Force Systems 三維力系統

4-1 Moment of a Force - Scalar Formulation 力矩

torque/moment 力矩
Magnitude

\[ M_o = Fd \]

  1. Mo: 力矩
  2. d: moment arm 力臂

4-2 Cross Product 外積

\( \mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B} \)

magnitude

\( C = AB \sin\theta \)

direction

\( \mathbf{C} = \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B} = (\mathit{AB}\,\sin\theta)\,\mathbf{u}_{c} \)


laws of operation

\[ \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B} = -\mathbf{B} \times \mathbf{A} \] \[ a(\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B}) = (a\mathbf{A}) \times \mathbf{B} = \mathbf{A} \times (a\mathbf{B}) \] \[ \mathbf{A} \times (\mathbf{B} + \mathbf{D}) = (\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{B}) + (\mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{D}) \]

4-3 Moment of a Force – Vector Formulation

4-4 Principle of Moments

法里農定理 (Varignon's Theorem)

一力對某點之力矩, 等於該力各分力對同點力矩之向量和

\[ \mathbf{M_O} = \mathbf{r} \times (\mathbf{ F_1 + F_2 + ...)} = \sum\mathbf{(r \times F)} \]

4-5 Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis 力對特定軸之力矩

計算力在某一特定方向(軸)上產生的轉動效果

Scalar Analysis

力作用線到指定軸線$A$的距離為 $d_a$
即可知力對指定軸線的力矩$M_a$

\[ M_a = Fd_a \]

Vector Analysis

\[ \begin{align*} M_a &= \mathbf{u_a} \cdot (\mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{F}) \\[6pt] &= u_{a_x}(r_yF_z - r_zF_y) - u_{a_y}(r_xF_z - r_zF_x) + u_{a_z}(r_xF_y - r_yF_x) \end{align*} \] \[\Rightarrow M_a =\left[ u_{a_x}\mathbf{i} + u_{a_y}\mathbf{j} + u_{a_z}\mathbf{k} \right] \cdot \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf{i} & \mathbf{j} & \mathbf{k} \\ r_{x} & r_{y} & r_{z} \\ F_{x} & F_{y} & F_{z} \end{vmatrix} \] \[ \]

以笛卡爾向量表示:

\[ \mathbf{M_a} = M_a\mathbf{u_a} \]

4-6 Moment of a Couple

力偶 (Couple) 是由兩個大小相等、方向相反且不共線的平行力組成的力產生, 其純矩與轉動點位置無關

Scalar Formulation

\[ M = Fd \]

Vector Formulation

\[ \mathbf{M} = \mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{F} \]

4-7 Simplification of a Force and Couple System

可將複雜的力系簡化為作用於一點的一個合力 ($F_R$) 及一個合力矩 ($M_{RO}$)

\[ \begin{align*} \mathbf{F_R} &= \sum\mathbf{F} \\[6pt] (\mathbf{M_R})_O &= \sum\mathbf{M_O} + \sum\mathbf{M} \end{align*} \]

4-8 Further Simplification of a Force and Couple System

共點、平面或平行的力系可以簡化為作用於特定P點的單一合力

\[ (M_R)_O = F_R \, d=\sum M_O \quad \text{or } \quad d = \frac{(M_R)_O}{F_R} \]

4-9 Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading

將分佈在線段或面積上的載重簡化為一個單一的集中力

EX

計算力對某點的力矩 (向量法)題目類型:
給定空間中一點 $O$ 的坐標、力 $F$的大小與方向, 以及力作用點 $P$ 的坐標,求 $M_O$。

解題步驟:

分佈荷重簡化 (Distributed Load)題目類型
樑上受到一個長度為 $L$、強度函數為 $w(x)$ 的分佈載重,求合力 $F_R$ 及其位置 $\bar{x}$ 17

解題步驟

力系簡化為單一力與力矩題目類型
一個剛體上受多個力和力偶作用,要求將其簡化到 $O$ 點

解題步驟

5-1 Conditions for Rigid-Body Equilibrium

一個剛體若要處於平衡狀態,作用在其上的合力與對任一點的合力矩都必須為零

\[ \sum \mathbf{F} = 0 \quad \sum \mathbf{M}_O = 0 \]

5-2 Free-Body Diagrams

將物體從其環境中隔離, 並繪出所有作用在其上的外力與力矩(包括主動力與支承反力)

常見支承

5-3 Equations of Equilibrium

對於平面力系,平衡條件可簡化為三個純量方程式(Scalar Equations)

\[ \sum F_x = 0 \quad \sum F_y = 0 \quad \sum M_O = 0\]

5-4 Two- and Three-Force Members

5-5 Free-Body Diagrams in Three Dimensions

5-6 Equilibrium in Three Dimensions

5-7 Constraints and Statical Determinacy

EX

二維樑的支承反力計算 (2D Beam Equilibrium)情境
一根長度為 $L$ 的水平樑,左端為固定銷 (Pin),右端為滾支承 (Roller),中間受一垂直力 $P$

解題步驟:

識別二力構件 (Identifying Two-Force Members)情境
一個由多個桿件組成的結構,其中桿件 $BC$ 兩端皆為鉸接且中間無受力

解析:因為 $BC$ 只在 $B$ 點和 $C$ 點受力,它是一個二力構件。這意味著 $B$ 點和 $C$ 點的作用力方向一定沿著 $BC$ 桿的直線方向。在分析整個結構時,這能將 $B$ 點的反力從兩個未知數 ($B_x, B_y$) 減少為一個方向已知的未知數 $F_{BC}$。

三維空間平衡 (3D Equilibrium)情境
一個招牌由三條纜線吊起,或一個由球窩接頭支撐的桿件

解題步驟

6-1 Simple Trusses

桁架是由細長桿件在端點連接而成的結構。假設載重皆作用在節點上,且桿件為二力構件

6-2 The Method of Joints

拆解每一個節點,利用力的平衡方程式求出桿件內力。適合求所有桿件內力時使用

\[ \sum F_x = 0 \quad \sum F_y = 0 \]

提示:選擇未知數不超過兩個的節點開始分析

6-3 Zero-Force Members

識別在特定荷重下內力為零的桿件,可大幅簡化分析

6-4 The Method of Sections

當只需要求出特定幾根桿件的內力時使用。通過想求的桿件「切一刀」,分析其中一部分的平衡

\[ \sum F_x = 0 \quad \sum F_y = 0 \quad \sum M_O = 0 \]

6-6 Frames and Machines

包含至少一個多力構件(受力點超過兩處)的結構

分析核心:將結構拆解,利用作用力與反作用力原理連接各桿件的 FBD

Chapter 6 EX

節點法 (Method of Joints)情境
求一個簡單三角形桁架各桿件的力

截面法 (Method of Sections) 情境
求一長型橋樑桁架中間某根斜桿的內力。

解題步驟: